Security of LLM-based agents regarding attacks, defenses, and applications: A comprehensive survey

(Abstract not found)

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Plasma synthesis of ammonia by asymmetric electrode arrangement

The plasma reactors are of great interest in ammonia synthesis because of their green performance, smallscale process capabilities, and various design and application options. The purpose of this research is to synthesize water-soluble ammonia by plasma electrolysis which utilizes nitrogen atmospheric pressure plasma generated by DC discharge. Then, we investigate the influence of the plasma characteristics such as the electron temperature and density on the resultant ammonia concentration. For this purpose, the model of the Hoffman electrolysis apparatus was designed for separating the anodic and the cathodic parts, producing plasma, and finally interacting with an aqueous solution surface. This procedure allows us to compare the mechanism of the classical electrolysis with plasma electrolysis. The concentration of synthesized ammonia resulting from the reaction of active species in the interaction between plasma and the liquid surface on the cathode side of the device was obtained. The plasma electron temperature and density were measured by the standard Boltzmann plot method and the Stark broadening of Hβvia optical emission spectroscopy (OES), respectively, and their effects on the interaction between plasma and the water surface were investigated, which leads to nitrite and ammonia synthesis. The intensity of the emitted light varied as the discharge voltage was increased according to 8kV, 9kV, 10kV, and 11kV. As a result, the plasma electron temperature

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Empowering Users with ChatGPT and Similar Large

Disruptive technologies such as ChatGPT and similar Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed mundane everyday tasks of information users since their debut in late 2022. In this study, we leverage uses and gratifications theory to test a distinct set of motivations that drive users’ satisfaction and continued use intentions of ChatGPT and similar large language models. Data were collected using a national online survey of 323 adults residing in the United States. We conducted data analysis using Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) to investigate both direct and indirect impact of factors on users' gratification, thereby influencing the continued utilization of these tools for everyday information seeking. Results show four motivational factors - social influence, trust, personalization, and perceived usefulne ss - that positively influence users' satisfaction or sense of gratification, impacting their intentions to continue using these tools. This is one of the few early studies of ChatGPT and other LLMs from an information science perspective. KEYWORDS Information seeking; ChatGPT; Large Language Model (LLM); Use and Gratification; Continued use intention INTRODUCTION Disruptive technologies usher in new ways of doing things. Specifically, they upend “systems or habits” because they can do the task or the thing faster and arguably better (Smith, 2022). The 21st century has been marked by the rise of several disruptive technologies, from blockchains to cloud s

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Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles Mitigate Salt Stress in Soybean: Comprehensive Insights of Physiological, Metabolomic, and Microbiome Responses

: Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have potential for mitigating salt stress in crops; however, the effects of surface modifications in enhancing their effectiveness remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of pristine and functionalized SiO2 NPs (SiO2-NH2 and SiO2-COOH) on soybean growth, root metabolism, and microbiome dynamics under 200 mM NaCl stress. All SiO2 NPs treatments significantly reduced Na+/K+, with SiO2-COOH NPs showing the greatest efficacy, reducing by 46.6%. Enhanced salt tolerance correlated with altered root metabolism, including increased L-tyrosine, uridine, and indole-3-acetamide levels and enrichment of stress-response pathways. Furthermore, SiO2-COOH NPs enhanced microbial diversity, increasing the abundance of beneficial genera Variovorax and Pseudomonas in the endosphere, and Haliangium and Arthrobacter in the rhizosphere. Microbe-metabolite correlations suggest that altered root exudation under functionalized SiO2 NPs treatments selectively recruits beneficial bacteria, enhancing salt tolerance. These findings highlight the potential of functionalized SiO2 NPs, particularly SiO2COOH, as nanoenabled biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. KEYWORDS: silica nanoparticles, surface modification, Na+/K+, root exudates, rhizobacteria ■INTRODUCTION Soil salinity poses a significant threat to global food security by severely impairing crop growth and productivity.1 This widespread problem arises from the accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chlor

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Article Generation of a Biomimetic Substitute of the Corneal Limbus Using Decellularized Scaffolds

: Patients with severe limbal damage and limbal stem cell deficiency are a therapeutic challenge. We evaluated four decellularization protocols applied to the full-thickness and halfthickness porcine limbus, and we used two cell types to recellularize the decellularized limbi. The results demonstrated that all protocols achieved efficient decellularization. However, the method that best preserved the transparency and composition of the limbus extracellular matrix was the use of 0.1% SDS applied to the half-thickness limbus. Recellularization with the limbal epithelial cell line SIRC and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) was able to generate a stratified epithelium able to express the limbal markers p63, pancytokeratin, and crystallin Z from d ay 7 in the case of SIRC and after 14–21 days of induction when hADSCs were used. Laminin and collagen IV expression was detected at the basal lamina of both cell types at days 14 and 21 of follow-up. Compared with control native limbi, tissues recellularized with SIRC showed adequate picrosirius red and alcian blue staining intensity, whereas limbi containing hADSCs showed normal collagen staining intensity. These preliminary results suggested that the limbal substitutes generated in this work share important similarities with the native limbus and could be potentially useful in the future. Keywords: corneal limbus; decellularized xenograft; recellularization; mesenchymal stem cells 1. Introduction Numerous diseases, i

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Effects of anode evaporation process on the anode sheath characteristics in vacuum arc plasma

The anode sheath of vacuum arc plasma plays a key role in the generation of anode plasma, but the effects of anode evaporation on the anode sheath remains unclear. In this paper, a theoretical model of a collisional sheath for multi-component plasma coupled with anode evaporation is developed, and the spatial evolution of the anode sheath at different anode surface temperatures is investigated. The results indicate that the distribution of charged particles density and potential in the anode sheath monotonically decreases in the absence or reduction of anode evaporation. When the anode surface temperature exceeds 1900 K, a potential hump appears within the sheath. This is due to enhanced anode evaporation increasing the metal vapor density, which intensifies electron impact ionization and charge exchange collisions, resulting in a higher net space charge density. Finally, the effects of various collision reactions and electron temperatures on the potential hump are analyzed. These findings are meaningful for understanding the anode plasma generation mechanism and regulating the anode plasma parameters. Supplementary material for this article is available online Keywords: vacuum arc plasma, anode evaporation, anode sheath, potential hump 1. Introduction The anode vacuum arc ion sources [1, 2] can eliminate the impact of microparticles in plasma, and are widely used in advanced technologies such as ion accelerators and plasma thrusters [3–6]. The anode sheath plays a crucial r

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Comparison of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Doses of Anticoagulation for Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease The TASC Double-Blind Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale: Patients with sickle cell disease hospitalized for acute chest syndrome (ACS) are at high risk of in situ pulmonary microthrombosis. Objectives : We evaluated whether therapeutic anticoagulation could shorten ACS duration. Methods: TASC (Therapeutic Anticoagulation for Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease) is a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial conducted in 12 French hospitals (December 2016–April 2021) in adult patients with ACS with no initial thrombosis on chest computed tomography with pulmonary angiogram. We randomized 172 patients (1:1) to receive either prophylactic or therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight tinzaparin for 7 days. The primary efficacy outcome was time to ACS resolution. The primary safety outcome was major blee ding. Main secondary outcomes included parenteral opioid consumption, transfusion, mortality at hospital discharge, and hospital readmissions at 6 months. Measurements and Main Results: The primary efficacy outcome, time to ACS resolution, analyzed using a Cox model, was shorter with therapeutic anticoagulation than with prophylactic doses (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.99; P = 0.044). As a supplemental estimate, the restricted mean time to ACS resolution (over a 15-d horizon or discharge) was shorter with therapeutic doses (4.86 0.4 vs. 6.1 6 0.5 d). The primary safety outcome (major bleeding) did not occur in either group. The cumulative dose of parenteral opioids was lower with therapeutic

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